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In This Issue |
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1. Job-Hopping
leads to lower
pay-cheques
2.
Is early schooling beneficial to children?
3.
Unskilled and Unaware
4.Large
belly increases risk of dementia
5.10
Tips for Effective Listening
6.Aggression is
more harmful than sexual harassment in the
workplace
7.Practice doesn't
always make us perfect
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Job-Hopping
leads to lower pay-cheques
Job-hopping has become a trendy phenomenon among young
professionals, but in the long run it results in lower
pay cheques, according to a study at the University of
British Columbia.
Researchers at the University, who studied 6000
employees during their 12 years of job, found that
employees who frequently change jobs end up earning less
than their more stable counterparts.
The lead researcher sociologist Sylvia Fuller and her
colleagues found that wage outcomes worsen as mobility
rises. This research examines the cumulative changes
workers make or are forced to make, and demonstrates
that these career moves may not always result in higher
earnings. One reason for lower wage trajectories among
high-mobility workers are their failure to amass
valuable early tenure associated with staying with an
employer.
In the first five years of job, each year of tenure is
associated with approximately 2.4 percent higher wages
for men and 2.9 percent higher wages for women. After
five years with an employer, women’s gain from tenure
plateau and men’s gains begin to erode.
Fuller also found that high-mobility workers tend to
spend a greater proportion of time not employed and this
leads to lower overall earnings in the long run.
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Is early
schooling beneficial to children?
Compulsory education in England begins at the age of
five. But in many countries such as Finland, Sweden and
Denmark, schooling doesn’t begin until the age of seven.
But
which system is beneficial?
A Cambridge Review on primary education challenges
the idea that an early start has long-term advantage.
The report says, “The assumption that an early starting
age is beneficial for children’s later attainment is not
well supported in the research and therefore remains
open to question.”
We don’t need to even see the report. Just look at
Finland, a global superstar in education. Finland is
consistently among the top performers. Finnish pupils
start formal education at seven and they end up with the
highest educational standards in Europe.
What is the origin of such an early schooling at the age
of five? It was an attempt to appease employers who want
young employees. Early schooling ensures younger
employees. Today working parents want to send their
children to school as early as possible, so that they
could focus on their career growth.
In fact, parents prefer schools with extended hours
with optional activities before and after school hours!
Long hours at school means less time with family and the
kids form their behaviour from their peer group rather
than from their parents.
Does long hours at school improve academic
performance? Statistics published by the Government
shows that length of time spent in school does little to
improve academic performance. There is no relationship
between hours spent in the classroom and academic
achievement.
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Unskilled and Unaware
Justin Kruger and David Dunning in their Nobel prize-
winning research, demonstrated that people who have
little knowledge tend to think that they know more than
they actually know, and people who have more knowledge
tend to think that they know less than they actually
know. This phenomenon has come to be widely known as the
Dunning-Kruger effect.
A number of earlier studies have also suggested
that in skills as diverse as operating a motor vehicle,
logical reasoning, playing chess, playing tennis etc.
competent people underestimated their skill, whereas
incompetent people overestimated their skill. As Charles
Darwin put it, “Ignorance more frequently begets
confidence than does knowledge.”
Kruger and Dunning demonstrated that,
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Incompetent individuals tend to overestimate their own
level of skill.
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Incompetent individuals fail to recognise genuine
skill in others.
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Incompetent individuals fail to recognise the
extremity of their inadequacy.
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If these individuals are trained to improve their
skills, they can recognise their previous lack of
skill.
The research reinforces the traditional wisdom, ‘Those
who know, don’t speak; Those who speak don’t know’.
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Larger belly increases risk of dementia
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A large belly has been shown to increase the risk of
diabetes, stroke and coronary heart disease. For the
first time researchers from the Kaiser Permanente Divisim of Research have demonstrated that a large belly
increases the risk of dementia (severe loss of intellectual
capacity) as well.
The research was conducted by Rachel A.Whitmer, PhD, a
member of the American Academy of Neurology. The study
involved 6583 people whose abdominal fat measurement was
taken when they were in their 40s. 36 years later, 16
percent of them were diagnosed with dementia. The study
found that those with the highest amount of abdominal
fat were nearly three times more likely to develop
dementia than those with the lowest amount of abdominal
fat.
Having a large belly increased the risk of dementia,
regardless of whether the participants were of normal
weight, overweight or obese, and regardless of existing
health conditions, including diabetes, stroke and
cardiovascular disease.
The study found that those who were overweight and had a
large belly were 2.3 times likely to develop dementia
than people with a normal weight and belly size. People who were both obese and had a large belly
were 3.6 times more likely to develop dementia than
those of normal weight and belly size.
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10 Tips for Effective Listening |
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Effective communication to a very large extent
depends on effective listening. When the
communication is effective, it builds harmonious
relationships. Harmony in relationships guarantees
happiness and success.
Most of the people talk two thirds of the
time and listen only one third of the time, during
any conversation. To become successful, one must
aim to listen two thirds of the time and talk only
one third of the time, during a conversation.
Here are
10
tips to improve your listening skill.
Learning and practising these skills, will make
your listening effective, and ensures that your
communication achieves the desired outcome.
1. Realise the importance of listening by
focussing on the benefits of careful listening and
the cost of careless listening.
2. Be open and receptive to new information
3. Be aware of your own prejudices and avoid
evaluating the speaker
4. Listen to not only the words but the feelings
and intentions beyond the words.
5. Inhibit your impulse to answer questions or
clarify doubts before the message is complete.
6. If you don’t understand certain aspects, inform
the person that you have not understood.
7. Make use of your body language (nodding the
head, smiling and maintaining eye contact) to
convey that you are actively listening.
8. Avoid staring at the speaker, avoid looking
down and avoid
staring
or glancing at your watch.
9. Ignore the grammatical mistakes, pronunciation
mistakes, tongue slips, white lies and
exaggerations.
10. Eliminate environmental barriers such as noise
form the air conditioner, music from the
television / radio, a loud conversation nearby
etc. Back to top
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Aggression is more harmful than sexual harassment in
the workplace
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Workplace
aggression appears to inflict more harm on
employees than sexual harassment according to
researchers who presented their papers in the 7th
International Conference on Work, Stress and
Health.
"As
sexual harassment becomes less acceptable in
society, organisations may be more attuned to
helping victims, who may therefore find it easier
to cope. In contrast non-violent forms of
workplace aggression such as incivility and
bullying are not illegal, leaving victims to fend
for themselves,” said Sandy Hershcovis, Ph.D of
the University of Manitoba, the lead author of the
study.
Hershcovis
along with her colleague Julian Barling, Ph.D of
Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada reviewed 110
studies conducted over 21 years on workplace
aggression. They looked at the effect on job, job
satisfaction, employees’ stress, anger and anxiety
levels, employees’ physical and mental health and
job turnover.
Different forms of workplace aggression such
as rudeness and discourteous verbal and non-verbal
behaviours, persistently criticising employees’
work, yelling, insulting employees’ habits,
attitudes or private life, ignoring or excluding
employees, were taken into consideration.
The researchers found that both aggression
and sexual harassment can create negative work
environments but aggression has more severe
consequences than sexual harassment. Employees who
experienced aggression were more likely to quit
their jobs, have lower well-being, have less job
satisfaction and have less satisfying relations
with their bosses, when compared to employees who
experienced sexual harassment.
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Practice
doesn’t always make us perfect
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Karin Humphreys and Amy Beth Warriner of McMaster
University suggest that most errors are repeated
because the very act of making a mistake, despite
receiving correction, constitutes the learning of
the mistake.
Humphreys and Warriner tested students to see if
their subjects could retrieve words after being
given a definition. Eg. “What do you call an
instrument for performing calculations by sliding
beads along rods or grooves?” (Answer is
Abacus).The subjects had to say whether they knew
the answer, didn’t know or were in a tot. If they
were in a tot, they were given 10 to 30 seconds
trying to retrieve the answer before being shown
the correct word.
Two days later, subjects were tested on those
same words again. One would assume that having
been shown the correct word earlier, subjects
would still remember it. Not so. The subjects
tended to tot on the same words as before, and
were especially more likely to do so if they had
spent a longer time trying to retrieve them. The
longer time in the error state appears to
reinforce that incorrect pattern of brain
activation that caused the error.
“It is akin to spinning one’s tires in the snow.
Despite your perseverance, you are only digging
yourself into a deeper rut,” the researchers
explained.
So should one try and try until he succeeds or
stop trying, and quit if he doesn’t succeed? The
wise approach is to continue trying but stop
trying the same method that resulted in failure
earlier and instead try a new approach.
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